The Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain and Anxiety during Blood Draw in Children: A Randomized Controlled Study
Abstract views: 444
/ 
PDF downloads: 271
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8196075Keywords:
Anxiety, Blood Draw, Child, Nursing, Pain, Virtual RealityAbstract
Objective: The study was carried out to determine the effect of virtual reality applied during blood draw upon pain and anxiety in children aged 5-12.
Methods: In this randomized controlled study, children included in the sample group were assigned to the control group (n=43) and Aquarium VR group (n=45) using block randomization. "Child State Anxiety Scale” and "Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale" were used to collect the data of the study. Children in the Aquarium VR group watched the “Aquarium VR” application through virtual reality glasses during the procedure. The children in the control group benefited from routine nursing services. The pain scores after blood draw and anxiety scores before and during blood draw in children in both groups were interpreted.
Results: According to the self-report of the children and reports of the parents, nurse and researcher, the average pain scores of the children in the Aquarium VR group were found to be significantly lower rather than the ones in the control group (p<0.05). Although there was no significant difference between the anxiety score averages of the Aquarium VR and control groups before the procedure (p>0.05), the anxiety score averages of the children in the Aquarium VR group during the procedure were determined to be significantly lower rather than the ones in the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: VR was determined to be an efficient non-pharmacological method in decreasing procedural pain and anxiety in children during the blood draw procedure
References
Al-Nerabieah, Z., Alhalabi, M. N., Owayda, A., Alsabek, L., Bshara, N., & Kouchaji, C. (2020). Effectiveness of using virtual reality eyeglasses in the waiting room on preoperative anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management, 21(April), 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcorm.2020.100129
Asl Aminabadi, N., Erfanparast, L., Sohrabi, A., Ghertasi Oskouei, S., & Naghili, A. (2012). The Impact of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain and Anxiety during Dental Treatment in 4-6 Year-Old Children: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects, 6(4), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.5681/joddd.2012.025
Aydın, A. İ., & Özyazıcıoğlu, N. (2019). Using a Virtual Reality Headset to Decrease Pain Felt During a Venipuncture Procedure in Children. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 34(6), 1215–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2019.05.134
Bergomi, P., Scudeller, L., Pintaldi, S., & Dal Molin, A. (2018). Efficacy of Non-pharmacological Methods of Pain Management in Children Undergoing Venipuncture in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Audiovisual Distraction and External Cold and Vibration. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 42, e66–e72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.04.011
Binay Yaz, Ş. & Bal Yılmaz, H. (2021). Pediatrik Hastalara Yönelik Tıbbi İşlemlerde Sanal Gerçeklik Kullanımının Etkileri: Literatür İncelemesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (1), 138-143.
Birnie, K. A., Noel, M., Chambers, C. T., Uman, L. S., & Parker, J. A. (2018). Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (Review). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub4.www.cochranelibrary.com
Bozdogan Yesilot, S., Ciftci, H., & Ozcelik, Z. (2021). The effect of virtual reality on mothers’ anxiety during children’s circumcision: A randomized controlled study. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 27(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12906
Brown, N. J., Rodger, S., Ware, R. S., Kimble, R. M., & Cuttle, L. (2012). Efficacy of a children’s procedural preparation and distraction device on healing in acute burn wound care procedures: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-238
Chan, E. A., Chung, J. W. Y., Wong, T. K. S., Lien, A. S. Y., & Yang, J. Y. (2007). Application of a virtual reality prototype for pain relief of pediatric burn in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(4), 786–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01719.x
Chen, Y. J., Cheng, S. F., Lee, P. C., Lai, C. H., Hou, I. C., & Chen, C. W. (2020). Distraction using virtual reality for children during intravenous injections in an emergency department: A randomised trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(3–4), 503–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15088
Dahlquist, L. M., Weiss, K. E., Law, E. F., Sil, S., Herbert, L. J., Horn, S. B., … Ackerman, C. S. (2010). Effects of videogame distraction and a virtual reality type head-mounted display helmet on cold pressor pain in young elementary school-aged children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(6), 617–625. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp082
Eijlers, R., Utens, E. M. W. J., Staals, L. M., De Nijs, P. F. A., Berghmans, J. M., Wijnen, R. M. H., … Legerstee, J. S. (2019). Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Virtual Reality in Pediatrics: Effects on Pain and Anxiety. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 129(5), 1344–1353. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000004165
Gerçeker, G., Binay, Ş., Bilsin, E., Kahraman, A., & Yılmaz, H. B. (2018). Effects of Virtual Reality and External Cold and Vibration on Pain in 7- to 12-Year-Old Children During Phlebotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 33(6), 981–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2017.12.010
Gerçeker, G. Ö., Ayar, D., Özdemir, Z., & Bektaş, M. (2008). Çocuk Anksiyete Skalası-Durumluluk ve Çocuk Korku Ölçeğinin Türk Diline Kazandırılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 11(1), 9–13. http://www.deuhyoedergi.org/index.php/DEUHYOED/article/view/507
Gold, J. I., & Mahrer, N. E. (2018). Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 43(3), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx129
Hoffman, H. G., Patterson, D. R., Carrougher, G. J., Nakamura, D., Moore, M., Garcia-Palacios, A., & Furness, T. A. (2001). The effectiveness of virtual reality pain control with multiple treatments of longer durations: A case study. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327590IJHC1301_1
İnal, S., & Canbulat, N. (2015). Çocuklarda Prosedürel Ağrı Yönetiminde Dikkati Başka Yöne Çekme Yöntemlerinin Kullanımı. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 2(3), 372. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.47420
Kerimoglu, B., Neuman, A., Paul, J., Stefanov, D. G., & Twersky, R. (2013). Anesthesia induction using video glasses as a distraction tool for the management of preoperative anxiety in children. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 117(6), 1373–1379. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a8c18f
Khadra, C., Déry, J., Paquin, D., Perreault, I., Labbe, D. R., & Hoffman, G. (2018). Projector-based virtual reality dome environment for procedural pain and anxiety in young children with burn injuries : a pilot study.
Koç Özkan, T., & Polat, F. (2020). The Effect of Virtual Reality and Kaleidoscope on Pain and Anxiety Levels During Venipuncture in Children. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 35(2), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2019.08.010
McMurtry, C.M., Noel, M., Chambers, C.T., McGrath, P.J. (2011). Children’s fear during procedural pain: Preliminary investigation of the Children’s Fear Scale. Health Psychology, 30(6), 780–788.
Meentken, M. G., van Beynum, I. M., Legerstee, J. S., Helbing, W. A., & Utens, E. M. W. J. (2017). Medically related post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents with congenital heart defects. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 5(February), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00020
Nilsson, S., Finnström, B., Kokinsky, E., & Enskär, K. (2009). The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2009.01.003
Nordgård, R., & Låg, T. (2021). The Effects of Virtual Reality on Procedural Pain and Anxiety in Pediatrics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2(July). https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.699383
Oulton, K., Oldrieve, N., Bayliss, J., Jones, V., Manning, I., Shipway, L., & Gibson, F. (2018). Using participatory and creative research methods to develop and pilot an informative game for preparing children for blood tests. Arts and Health, 10(3), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2017.1392329
Özalp Gerçeker, G., Ayar, D., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektaş, M. (2020). Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(7–8), 1151–1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15173
Palaz, Z. H. , Palaz, E. & Akal, N. (2020). Süt molar diş çekimi sırasında 3D video gözlük kullanımının çocuklarda ağrı ve anksiyete üzerine etkisi. Acta Odontologica Turcica, 37(3), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.17214/gaziaot.667976
Panda, A. (2017). Effect of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain Perception during Dental Treatment in Children. International Journal of Oral Care & Research, 5(4), 278–281. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10051-0115
Sander Wint, S., Eshelman, D., Steele, J., & Guzzetta, C. E. (2002). Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1188/02.onf.e8-e15
Scapin, S. Q., Roberto, P., Fuculo, B., & Martins, J. C. (2017). Use of virtual reality for treating burned children : case reports. 70(6), 1291–1295.
Tick, H., Nielsen, A., Pelletier, K. R., Bonakdar, R., Simmons, S., Glick, R., … Zador, V. (2018). Evidence-Based Nonpharmacologic Strategies for Comprehensive Pain Care: The Consortium Pain Task Force White Paper. Explore, 14(3), 177–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2018.02.001
Toledo del Castillo, B., Pérez Torres, J. A., Morente Sánchez, L., Escobar Castellanos, M., Escobar Fernández, L., González Sánchez, M. I., & Rodríguez Fernández, R. (2019). Reducing the pain in invasive procedures during paediatric hospital admissions: Fiction, reality or virtual reality? Anales de Pediatría (English Edition), 91(2), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpede.2018.10.007
Tsao, J. C. I., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2008). Commentary: Evidence-based assessment of pediatric pain. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(9), 956–957. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsn027
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 GEVHER NESIBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The journal is licensed under a 