Development of the Spiritual Care Scale in Health Services: Validity and Reliability Study
Abstract views: 248
/ 
PDF downloads: 174
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8415533Keywords:
Health Services, Reliability, Spiritual Care, Spiritual Support, ValidityAbstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to develop and test the reliability and validity of the Spiritual Care in Health Services Scale (SCSHS), which will be used to assess the spiritual well-being of adult individuals, their perceptions of spiritual care service provision in hospitals and their individual humanitarian sensitivities.
Method: This study has a methodological design for the psychometric testing and validation of the SHMBS. The study was conducted in Istanbul province between October 2022 and February 2023 among adults aged 18 years and older. In the first stage of the study, content validity was ensured after the scale items were written and a trial form was created. IBM SPSS Statistics version 24.0 and JASP version 0.9.0.1 package program were used for Exploratory Factor Analysis to test construct validity. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the scale was performed with R 4.2.2 version.
Results: According to the EFA results, the SHMBS shows a three-dimensional structure with 21 items. The fit indices obtained after CFA to test the structure of the scale were acceptable (χ2/sd=1.62, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR=0.05 and CFI=0.95). The item factor loadings of the scale are between 0.590 and 0.900. As a result of the reliability analyses, Cronbach's alpha coefficient is between 0.83 and 0.94 for the sub-factors of the scale and McDonald's omega coefficients are between 0.89 and 0.95.
Conclusion: The SHMBS is a tool with high content validity and internal consistency that has the ability to measure individuals' spiritual well-being and their perceptions of spiritual care service provision in hospitals and individual humanitarian sensitivities. The scale can help determine the perception levels of adults aged 18 and over towards spiritual support/care in health services. It can also be used as a management tool to help reduce the experience of ignoring the spiritual support/care needs of patients applying to health services.
References
Aslan, H., Aktürk, Ü., Erci, B. (2020). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the nurse spiritual care therapeutics scale. Palliative & Supportive Care, 18(6), 707–712.
Aydın, G. Z., Yılmaz, O. (2021). Hastanelerde manevi destek hizmetleri üzerine bir araştırma. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 7(3), 472–488.
Baumgartner, H.R., Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13, 139–161.
Bekelman, D. B., Hutt, E., Masoudi, F. A., Kutner, J. S., Rumsfeld, J. S. (2008). Defining the role of palliative care in older adults with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology, 125(2), 183–190.
Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Bollen, K. A., Long, J. S. (Eds.). (1993). (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (ss. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Büssing, A., Balzat, H.J., Heusser, P. (2010). Spiritual needs of patients with chronic pain diseases and cancer validation of the spiritual needs questionnaire. Eur J Med Res., 15(6), 266–73.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2019). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El kitabı. Pegem A Yayıncılık. 29. Baskı Ankara.
Cobb, M., Dowrick, C., Lloyd-Williams, M. (2012). What can we learn about the spiritual needs of palliative care patients from the research literature?. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 43(6), 1105–1119.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2013) Research Methods in Education. New York, London: Routledge.
Cole, B. S., Pargament, K. I. (1999). Spiritual surrender: A paradoxical path to control. In: Miller WR, editor. İntegrating spirituality into treatment: Resources for practitioners. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 179–198.
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik SPSS ve LİSREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Dağhan, Ş., Kalkım, A., Sağkal Midilli, T. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of the Turkish form of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale. Journal of Religion and Health, 59, 14–27.
Daly, L., Fahey-McCarthy, E., Timmins, F. (2019). The experience of spirituality from the perspective of people living with dementia: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Dementia, 18(2), 448–470.
Daştan, N.B., Buzlu, S. (2010) The effects of spirituality in breast cancer patients and spiritual care. Maltepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Bilim ve Sanatı Dergisi, 3(1), 73–79.
Dein, S., Stygall, J. (1997). Does being religious help or hinder coping with chronic illness? A critical literature review. Palliative Medicine, 11(4), 291–298.
DeVellis, R. F. (2014). Ölçek geliştirme: Kuram ve uygulamalar (Çev. Ed. T. Totan). Ankara: Nobel
El-Awad, U., Fathi, A., Lohaus, A., Petermann, F., Reinelt, T. (2022). Different relations of religion and mental health: Comparing Middle Eastern Muslim refugee and immigrant adolescents. European Journal of Health Psychology, 29(1), 26–37.
Emblen, J. D. (1992). Religion and spirituality defined according to current use in nursing literature. Journal of Professional Nursing, 8(1), 41–47.
Erenoğlu, R., Can, R. (2019). Hemşirelik bölümü öğrencilerinin manevi destek algıları ve etkileyen faktörler. JAREN, 5(1), 23–30
Ergül, Ş., Bayık Temel, A. (2007). Maneviyat ve Manevi Bakım Dereceleme Ölçeği'nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi 23(1), 75–87.
Esendir, N. İ., Kaplan, H. (2018). Sağlık çalışanlarının maneviyat ve manevi destek algısı: İstanbul örneği. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, (73), 317–332.
Galek, K., Flannelly, K.J., Vane, A., Galek, R.M. (2005). Assessing a patient’s spiritual needs. Holistic Nursing Practice, 19(2), 62–69.
George, L. S., Park, C. L. (2017). Does spirituality confer meaning in life among heart failure patients and cancer survivors?. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(1), 131–136.
Gümüs, F., Baran, G.,Zengin, L. (2014) Spiritual care in nursing. International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 3(1), 102–106.
Gürbüz, S. (2021). AMOS ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (2. Basım). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Güriş, S., Astar, M. (2015). Bilimsel Araştırmalarda SPSS ile İstatistik. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205.
Hodge, D. R., Salas-Wright, C. P., Wolosin, R. J. (2016). Addressing spiritual needs and overall satisfaction with service provision among older hospitalized inpatients. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35(4), 374–400.
Huck, SW. (2012). Reading Statistics and Research. New York, NY: Pearson.
Isgandarova, N. (2014). The evolution of Islamic spiritual care and counseling in Ontario in the context of the college of registered psychotherapists and registered mental health therapists of Ontario. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 4(3), 143.
Jackson, D., Doyle, C., Capon, H., Pringle, E. (2016). Spirituality, spiritual need, and spiritual care in aged care: What the literature says. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 28(4), 281–295.
Kavak, F., Mankan, T., Polat, H., Sarıtaş, S. Ç., Sarıtaş, S. (2014) Nurses comments on the mainte- nance of spiritual care. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3(1), 21–24.
Kavas, E., Kavas, N. (2015). Hastalarda manevi bakım ihtiyacı konusunda doktor, ebe ve hemşirelerin manevi destek algısının belirlenmesi: Denizli örneği. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10(14), 449–460.
Kharitonov, S. A. (2012). Religious and spiritual biomarkers in both health and disease. Religions, 3(2), 467–497.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (3. Baskı). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Koenig, HG. (2009). Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. Can J Psychiatry, 54, 283–91.
Koenig, H. G., Koenig, H. G. (2008). Medicine, religion, and health: Where science and spirituality meet. Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation Press.
Küçük, S. (2008). Batı ve doğu düşünce sistemlerinde insan anlayışı ve sömürgeci zihniyet. Fırat Üniversitesi Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 181–189.
Lishinski, A. (2018). lavaanPlot: Path diagrams for Lavaan models via DiagrammeR. R package. Erişim Adresi: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lavaanPlot/index.html Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99.
Macit, M., Karaman, M. (2019). Hemşirelerde manevi destek algısının incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 293–302.
Marsh, H.W., Hau, K.T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., Peschar, J.L. (2006). OECD’s brief self-report measure of educational psychology’s most useful affective constructs: Cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311–360
Matsunaga, M., (2010). How to Factor-Analyze Your Data Right: Do’s, Don’ts, and How-To’s. İnternational Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 97–110.
Rubio, D. M., Berg-Weger, M., Tebb, S. S., Lee, E. S., Rauch, S. (2003). Objectifying content validity: Conducting a content validity study in social work research. Social Work Research, 27(2), 94–104.
Mesquita, A. C., Chaves, É. D. C. L., Barros, G. A. M. D. (2017). Spiritual needs of patients with cancer in palliative care: an integrative review. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care, 11(4), 334–340.
Nissen, R. D., Viftrup, D. T., Hvidt, N. C. (2021). The process of spiritual care. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 674453, 1–11.
Norris, L., Walseman, K., Puchalski, C.M. (2013). Communicating about Spiritual Issues with Cancer Patients. In: Surbone, A., Zwitter, M., Rajer, M., Stiefel, R. (Eds) New Challenges in Communication with Cancer Patients. Boston, MA.: Springer.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
Oji, V. U., Hung, L. C., Abbasgholizadeh, R., Terrell Hamilton, F., Essien, E. J., Nwulia, E. (2017). Spiritual care may impact mental health and medication adherence in HIV+ populations. HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care, 9, 101–109.
Özdamar, K. (2013). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi-1: SPSS-MINITAB. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitapevi.
Paal, P., Helo, Y., Frick, E. (2015). Spiritual care training provided to healthcare professionals: a systematic review. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 69(1), 19–30.
Puchalski, C. M., Vitillo, R., Hull, S. K., Reller, N. (2014). Improving the spiritual dimension of whole person care: reaching national and international consensus. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 17(6), 642–656.
Puchalski, C., Romer, A. L. (2000). Taking a spiritual history allows clinicians to understand patients more fully. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 3(1), 129–137.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.
Sharma, R. K., Astrow, A. B., Texeira, K., Sulmasy, D. P. (2012). The Spiritual Needs Assessment for Patients (SNAP): development and validation of a comprehensive instrument to assess unmet spiritual needs. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 44(1), 44–51.
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics. (3 Ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Tambağ, H., Mansuroğlu, S., Yıldırım, G. (2018). Yoğun bakım ünitelerinde çalışan hemşirelerin manevi destek algılarının belirlenmesi: Bir pilot çalışma. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, 8(2), 159–164.
Tavşancıl, E. (2019). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. (6. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Taylor, E. J. (2006). Prevalence and associated factors of spiritual needs among patients with cancer and family caregivers. Oncology Nursing Forum, 33(4), 729–735.
Trevino, K. M., Pargament, K. I., Cotton, S., Leonard, A. C., Hahn, J., Caprini-Faigin, C. A., Tsevat, J. (2010). Religious coping and physiological, psychological, social, and spiritual outcomes in patients with HIV/AIDS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 379–389.
Unterrainer, H. F., Lewis, A. J., Fink, A. (2014). Religious/spiritual well-being, personality and mental health: A review of results and conceptual issues. Journal of Religion and Health, 53, 382–392.
Vallurupalli, M. M., Lauderdale, M. K., Balboni, M. J., Phelps, A. C., Block, S. D., Ng, A. K., ... Balboni, T. A. (2012). The role of spirituality and religious coping in the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative radiation therapy. The Journal of Supportive Oncology, 10(2), 81.
Williams, J. A., Meltzer, D., Arora, V., Chung, G., Curlin, F. A. (2011). Attention to inpatients’ religious and spiritual concerns: predictors and association with patient satisfaction. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26, 1265–1271.
Yong, J., Kim, J., Han, S.S., Puchalsk, C.M. (2008). Development and validation of a scale assessing spiritual needs for korean patients with cancer. Journal of Palliative Care, 24(4), 240–6.
Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında kapsam geçerliği için kapsam geçerlik indekslerinin kullanılması. XİV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi, 1, 771–774.
Yurdugül, H. (2006). The comparison of reliability coefficients in parallel, tau-equivalent, and congeneric measurements. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 39(1), 15–37.
Zyga, S. (2015). Assessing patients spirituality: a new age holistic approach or a forgotten nursing practice?. Health Science Journal, 9(3), 1–3.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 GEVHER NESIBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The journal is licensed under a 